THE BASICS PRACTICE PENCAKSILAT PERFORMANCE Purbodjati Dosen Prodi Ilmu Keolahragaan Fakultas Ilmu Olahraga Universitas Negeri Surabaya
THE BASICS PRACTICE PENCAKSILAT PERFORMANCE
Purbodjati
Dosen Prodi Ilmu Keolahragaan
Fakultas Ilmu Olahraga Universitas Negeri Surabaya
Email: purbodjati@gmail.com
Email: purbo_djati@yahoo.com
Email: purbodjati@unesa.ac.id
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THE BASICS PRACTICE PENCAKSILAT PERFORMANCE
Purbodjati
Dosen
Prodi Ilmu Keolahragaan Fakultas Ilmu Olahraga Universitas Negeri Surabaya
Anggota Dewan Cabang Persaudaraan Setia Hati Terate Kabupaten Magetan-Jawa Timur-Indonesia
Email:
purbo_djati@yahoo.com -
weblog: purbodjati@gogle.com -
facebook: purbo djati
Abstract:
This paper aims to inform the problems dealing with the basics practice
in pencaksilat performance.
The
main ideas are: the basic principle’s practice, physical practice program,
technique and tactics; and practice
program’s period and important problems that have to be noticed on achieving peak
performance.
CHAPTER I : Introduction
1. Background of
the problem
In
a frame of pencak silat national building, regency/city in Indonesia has
potential modality. Therefore, for rising the massiveness program to
performance program, should be equaled with the program of development
potential professional coach.
2. Problem
Statement
What and how does the basic knowledge of
Pencaksilat performance practice program ?
3. The
Objectives
The objective is to inform the basics’
program in order to practice athlete rationally and measurable.
4. The significance of the paper
It is used as information guide dealing
with the basic strategies to practice athlete conceptually.
CHAPTER II: Discussion
In order to understand what and how to pratice pencaksilat’s performance
rationally and measurable, then we discuss the concept and strategy as follow:
1. Pencak silat.
a. The definition of Pencak silat
Based on President of IPSI (Ikatan Pencak Silat Indonesia) defines Pencaksilat as skill and science about
system of powerful movement effectively, beautiful, and health the body, which
is followed by glorious mind nature and based on piety to God, and aims to form
self-tenacity and put social responsibility. So that, pencaksilat is not
knowledge or skill to fight each other, rather than a kind of ”self-defence” or ”martial art” which is
flexible combination between science and skill and in indonesia is mentioned
that pencaksilat is indonesia self-defence art or indonesia martial art ((Lelana,
Mas Ezra Danu; 16/08/2006, page 14).
Dealing with sport performance, its
development becomes a kind of ”body-movement”, gymnastics or movement that is
matched. The development is rapid, after it had agreed the rules of pencaksilat
such as: class of participant, wide of arena, council of master, council of
judge, leader of match, council of referee and jury, the long of the
competition for each round, match uniform, etc.
a. Aspects in Pencaksilat
The main organization forms four
aspects in pencaksilat/martial, there are: 1. Pencaksilat as a spiritual study,
2. Pencaksilat as an art, 3. Pencak silat as public sport, and 4. Pencaksilat
as performance sport (competetion sport). (PB-IPSI; 2006).
b. Element’s
tehnique in pencaksilat
There are some
techniques that should be developed on pencaksilat:
1). The rule of
attitude and pencaksilat movement, that consist of :
a. stand-up
attitude
b. sitting
attitude
c. lie-down
attitude
d. stand
e. special
attitude
2). The rules of pencaksilat movement, consists of:
a. direction
b. form/ step
pattern
c. way of actions
3). The rules of attack, comstists
of:
a). The rule of doing hand/arm-attack
b). The rule of doing elbow-attack
c). The rule of foot/leg-attack
d). The rule of knee-attack
4). The rules of defence. It consists of basic defence and tactics defence
Basic defence, consists of:
a). Avoiding
b). Defensing
c). Catching
d). Falling
e). Locking
f). Realising
5). Tactics
defense consists of:
a). Obstatle
b). Answer
c). Maetry (Joko Subrolo, 1996:46)
d.
Pencaksilat
championship.
There are two champioships: 1) category of competition, and 2). Category
of art
2. Sport performance’s practice.
In order to gain the
highest achievement, a construction effort for athlete is done by arranging
strategy and practice plan rationally. Athletes should be supplied a science
relating to sport. So that, it is needed a good cooperation between
professional and others competence elements in sport’s achievement
construction.
Practice is an activity
processes systematically in a long period which is more and more increasing and
rising individual potential especially in forming psychology, physiology
and social to fullfil task’s requirements (Bompa, Tudor
O., 1986).
Many factors that should be noticed in planing and implementing
practice program are information about athletes’ potential, determining pratice
purposes, determining hypothesis, determining practice procedures, and
evaluation of practice results (Soekarman, 1987).
Soekarman (1987: 11) arranges those factors
in a recycle cycle untill the highest achievement can be achieved.
INFORMATION
MEASUREMENT
OF HYPOTESIS
PRACTICE
PROCEDURE
Figure 2 : Recycle
cycle of
planning and implementation practice program. (modified from Soekarman, 1987: 11).
2.1
Practice objectives.
The success of sport performance depends
on achievement of ability in every domain attitude. It is not only done by
arising motorist (psychomotor) ability, but athletes have to have the whole
knowledge about the game (cognitive) and ability to control emotion and
interaction among friends (affective). (Pate, R.R., B. McClenghan, R. Rotelle,
1984)
So
that, the main purposes are:
01 To develop personality
02.
To conditioning with the main objective is increasing stamina, power, and
speed.
03.
To increase technique and coordination movement
04.
To increase tactics
05 To increase mental (Harre, D., 1982,)
2.2. The Principles of
Practice
Practice technique is begun with clearly load to give sum of repetition
and rising load step by step from the first-quarter till the first half up to three-quarter and
then the whole of target load. (O'Shea, J.P., 1964).
The principles, at least there are
eight principles become orientation to apply a practice, as follow:
1. The Overload Principles
Giving overload in a practice will
cause effects that can develop power ability, explosive power, endurance, and hypertrophy
maximally (Fox, E.L., R.W. Bowers, and M.L. Foss, 1988, O’Shea, J.P.,1964). In
plyometric practice, resisting overload usually can produce the improvement of
leg power and whole body that is relatively fast achieved (Radcliffe, J.C.,
B.S., and R.C. Farentinos, 1985).
2. The principle of progressive
Resistance
The improvement of weight training
can be done by increasing load, set, repetition, frequency or practice time (Bompa, Tudor
O., 1986, Fox, E.L.,
R.W. Bowers, dan
M.L. Foss, 1988).
3. The
Principle of Specificity
The Principle of Specificity is specific
to movement pattern (Bompa, Tudor O;
1986, Fox, E.L; R.W.
Bowers, and M.L.
Foss, 1988). O'shea arranged
conception that body will only adapt specifically toward load that is needed,
then it is known by SAID theory (Specific
Adaptation to Imposed
Demand) (Fox, E.L.,
R.W. Bowers, and
M.L. Foss, 1988). Therefore, in a practice, the muscles should
be practiced according to sports that is chosen dipilih (Ellison,
A.E., 1984). In Plaiometric practice the principle of specificity
associate with muscle nerve, and adaptation of certain metabolism response
systems in types of application overload (Radcliffe, J.C.,
B.S., and R.C.
Farentinos, 1985).
4. The
Principle of Individuality
This factor should be notices and be developed
because every individual has different potential, physically or psychic
(Bompa, Tudor O.,
1986).
5. The
Principle of Active and Careful
The right practice should be done actively
to know the level of improvement that is achieved and be careful in its
implementation according to athletes’ ability, so that it can increase a strong
stimulation to gain practice purposes (Bompa, Tudor O.,
1986).
6. The
Principle of Development in all aspects or multilateral
The development of physic ability
generally and all the techniques are very helpful to avoid surfeited in
reaching achievement.
Figure 3 illustrates important phases of
practice in Eastern Europe countries’ model (Bompa, Tudor O., 1986)
Figure 3 :
The important phases in sport practice.
(Taken from Bompa, Tudor O. 1986).
7. The
Principle of arrangement of exercise
Practice
should be done regularly in order to get effect for the body. Therefore, in
doing practice should be arranged a practice schedule firstly (Drowatzky, J.N.,
C.W. Amstrong, 1984).
8. The
Principle of Main Energy System.
Every
sport uses different energy system. Therefore, practice has to be appropriated
with energy system which is used to the related sport (O'Shea, J.P.,
1976).
2.3. Weight training
Weight training is a kind of practice to develop power where is load as
a main foundation in a practice. Hoffman in 1939 stated that weight training is
the most effective way to form physical training to the deeper development from
sceleton muscles and muscles. Weight training will produce optimal physic
condition in a short time (Capen,
E.K., 1949). O'shea in 1966
stated that weight training indicates significant raising effect to power;
often power rising will be simultaneously with hypertrophy muscles (O'Shea,
J.P., 1976). Weight/load can be body weight or outside weights such as barbell,
dumbbell or vest.
Weight restrains training that is done step by step will cause raising
in the next period (Ball, Jerry, R., 1963).
By weight training, the ability is raising especially in activities that
involve uncomplex movement such as vertical jump, standing broad jump, etc. By
the raising of strength, power, and restrain muscles power will increase physic
ability regularly. In many researches that have been done show that by weight
training will increase strength, endurance, and restrain muscle power (Berger,
R.A., 1962, Berger, R.A., 1964, Capen,
E.K., 1963, O'Shea, J.P.,
1964).
So, there is a different technique that
can be used to increase muscle power, endurance and power there are: isometric,
isotonic, and isokinetic training. For these techniques occur general
principles training as follow:
1. Training
program has to give load or weight to the group of muscles that is trained.
2. Training
has to be made interesting enough.
3. Train
the biggest group muscle previously, then smaller one.
4. It
has to be given an opportunity to break between repetition or set in every
practice
(Haridito, I, 1987).
3. Physic training
In
every formulation of physical preparation training is developed gradually as
follow:
a. First
step covers general physical preparation
b. Second
step covers special physical preparation
c.
Third step builds the level of higher
biomotor (Bompa 1994:52).
Table
1: The Stage of Approachment to Equalize
Physical Preparation in an Annual planning. (Bompa,
1994:175)
|
Development Stage |
1 |
2 |
3 |
|
Objective |
Preparation Stage General Physical |
Preparation Stage Special Physical |
Improvement of
Biomotor Ability |
|
Training stage |
Preparation Stage |
Match Stage |
|
3.1 The Stage of General Physical Preparations
The training concentration is
generally purposed to the development of physical ability, and especially to the components: muscle strength,
speed, endurance, muscle explosive power, agility, flexibility, balance,
reaction time, and coordination. Besides it helps to support biomotor ability,
it also can be used to develop social, mental, and spiritual aspect.
3.2 The Stage of Special Physical Preparation
This target training is developing many
movements variation that relate to tactic, technique, and strategy of Pencak
Silat game which orientated to endurance of defense model, attack, special
characteristics of game and spreading sympathy art to get perfect score.
3.3 The
Improvement of Biomotor Ability
Furthermore,
many various forms of training by using stimulus is not directly or directly as
the real pencaksilat is that target has
to be done systematically, measurable, synchrony, and continuously in any
situations homogeneously and heterogeneously (class, event, korp sasana, and
geographically.
3.4 Biomotor Needed in Pencaksilat
Invisibly, characteristics of
biomotor ability are flexible, strength, fast, explosive that are
synchronization from the actualization
ability of: agility, balance, reaction time, and coordination.
4.
Training Program
There are three stages of training program:
a.
Preparation stage
b.
Competition stage, and
c.
Transition stage
4.1 Preparation Stage
Ozolin and
Bompa (1994:189) explain that even though seemed general, the orientation and specification in this
stage as follow:
a). Mastery and improvement physical generally
b). improving biomotorik ability that is prosecuted in
sports
c). developing and improving technique
d). growing special physiologies characteristics.
e). improving theoretical knowledge and special training
strategies towards relating sport.
This stage
needs time around 3-6 moths, depends on characteristics of sports and types of
annual planning that is used (macro cycle), and consists of : 1) general
Preparation stage and 2) Special Preparation stage. Weight training has to be
increasing until the end of this stage.
General Preparation Stage:
The aims is
developing athletes work capacity, general physical preparation and improving
element technique as well as basic technique movement. The volume of weight
training includes extensively combination between general and special. The
comparison is around 3:1 or 2:1
Special Preparation Stage:
Weight and
form of training is higher and specific,
relate to skill or technique sports patterns (skill). If there is
decreasing weight in macron cycle for 4-6 weeks, in general preparation stage
will be shortened become 3-4 weeks. The principle is that period of training is
shortened meanwhile the intensity is increased.
4.2.
Competition
Stage
The aim is to achieve peak
performance and maintain the best performance during this period. This stage
consists of: 1) Pre-competition stage (competition event and unofficial
exhibition); and 2) competition stage (competition/official competition), training volume is decreased 50-70% meanwhile
the intensity is increased gradually by
achieving the highest weight on 2-3 weeks before competition (in order that the
peak performance stability will be in
this period)
4.3
Transition Stage
The aim is active recovery, to maintain stability of physical condition
and physiology in order not to decreasing.
5.
Peak
Performance
The
achievement is the direct effect of organism adaptation as the impact of
implementation various and training methodology which is the portion based on
athlete ability, based on: 1) Degree of Training (higher the degree, higher the
organism effectiveness), and 2) kind of sport (Totally adaptation in sports
strengthen peak performance foundation).
Factors that Influence Peak
Performance, there are:
a.
Physiological,
psychological and social athletes condition
b.
Objective
aspect that purposes to neuromuscular to adapt quickly and effectively toward
stress and competition demands; and subjective aspect that purpose to high
confident, motivation, and perception feels motorist synergies and biologist in
the body.
c.
Manipulation of
excitatory threshold volume and exercise intensity synchrony with modalities of
athletes potential
d.
The ability of
neuromuscular system of athlete works perfectly and the formation of the
ability to recovery is relatively short.
e.
Overcompensation
which is caused by optimal biomechanical regeneration including the
implementation of unloading program (decreasing: weight/load, volume and
practice intensity) accurately.
f.
The
implementation of health screening program (general check-ups), psychology,
physical test, technique and biomotoric ability periodically, and regularly. By
sufficient data of athlete’s development.
g. The accuracy of nutrition diet implementation according to training
periodically program.
CHAPTER III: Conclusion and
suggestion
a. Conclusion
The implementation of Pencak Silat
training program needs modalities of sport science understanding consisting
synergies at least three disciplines such as: Natural science, Social science,
and Humanities science
b. Recomendation.
It is
needed to apply Pencaksilat achievement program by combining potential athlete
who gifted from birth with the implementation of engineering science and
developed technology.
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Conditioning for Woman and Men.
USA., cv. Mosby Company, 1976, hal. 20.
Ball, Jerry, R., 1963; George Q.
Rich, Earl l. Wallis, Effects of
Isometric Training on
Vertical Jumping.The Research
Quarterley, Vol. 35, Nu. 3,
August 12, 1963, hal. 231-235.
Berger, R.A., 1962; Comparison of Static and Dynamic Strength
Increases. Research
Quarterley, Vol. 33,
1962, hal.329-333.
Berger, R.A., 1964; Comparison
of The Effect of Various Weight Training
Loads on Strength. Research Quarterley, Vol.
36, 1964, hal. 141-146.
Bompa, Tudor O.,
1986, Theory and Methodology
of Training: The Key of Athletic Performance.
Bompa, T.O; 1994; Theory
And Methodology of Trainning The Key to Atletic Performance;
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Systematic Weight Training on Power, Strength, and Endurance.
The Research Quarterley, August, hal.
83-93.
Capen, E.K., 1963, The Effect of
Systematic Weight Training on
Power, Strenght, and Endurance. The Research Quarterley, Vol. 21, hal.
38-53.
Drowatzky, J.N., C.W.
Amstrong, 1984, Physical
Education : Career
Prespectives & Professional Foundations.
Ellison,
A.E., 1984, Athletic
Training and Sport Medicine. 1st . Ed.,
Guyton,
A.C., 1981, Fisiologi
Kedokteran. Edisi 5,Jakarta : EGC. Penerbit Buku Kedokteran,
hal. 171-183.
Fox,
E.L., R.W. Bowers,
dan M.L. Foss, 1988, The
Physiological Basis of Physical Education and Athletics. 4rd. Ed.,
Philadelphia Sounders Collage Publishing, hal.13-37, 39, 57, 82, 99, 140, 155 -
162, 175, 286, 360 - 370.
Haridito, I, 1987, Pengaruh Latihan Beban
Dengan Barbel dan Latihan Beban dengan
Rompi Pada Vertical Jump. Tesis Fakultas
Pasca Sarjana Universitas Airlangga, hal. 10-14.
Harre, D., 1982, Principle of Sport Training.
1st. Ed.Lepzig, Interdruck Graphisher
Grobhetrieb, hal. 10-12.
Lelana, Mas Ezra Danu; (16/08/2006); Melestarikan Pencak-Silat Melalui Kegiatan Ekstrakurikuler; Anggota Milist Silat Bogor Dan Forum Pecinta dan Pelestari
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Strength and Muscle Hypertrophy. The Research Quarterley, Vol. 37, Nu. 1,
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Ed.,
PB-IPSI; 2006; Aspek dalam pencak silat ; dalam : http/id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olahraga - 41k-; Olahraga - Wikipedia Indonesia,
ensiklopedia bebas berbahasa Indonesia;
Daftar isi. 1 Olahraga modern. 1.1 Cabang olahraga
modern; 1.2 Rekor. 2 Olahraga tradisional. 2.1 Beberapa jenis olahraga
tradisional; akses terakhir Selasa 301007 jam 16.37 wib.
Pate,
R.R., B. McClenghan, R. Rotelle, 1984, Scientific
Foundation of Coaching. Sounders Collage
Publishing,
Radcliffe, J.C., B.S.,
dan R.C. Farentinos,
1985, Plyometrics : Explossive Power Training. 2nd. Ed., Human
Kinetics Publishers, Inc.,
Soekarman, 1987, Dasar
Olahraga Untuk Pembina, Pelatih, dan Atlit. Inti Idayu Press, MCML
XXXVLL,
Subroto, Joko; 1996;
Pembinaan
Pencak Silat, Fisik, Teknik, Taktik dan Mental; Penerbit: CV Aneka
Solo,
Gambar: ILUSTRASI SIKLUS
MAKRO DAN MIKRO PROGRAM LATIHAN PENCAK SILAT SELAMA 5 BULAN PERSIAPAN KEJUARAAN
ANTAR PELAJAR SEKOLAH SEPROP JAWA TIMUR, MINGGU, 11 S.D. KAMIS, 15 MARET 2012
DI GOR BIMALOKA FIK UNIVERSITAS NEGERI SURABAYA.
|
SIKLUS – MAKRO |
||||||||||||||||||||
|
BULAN |
DESEMBER |
JANUARI |
FEBRUARI |
MARET |
APRIL |
|||||||||||||||
|
SIKLUS-MIKRO |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
|||||||||||||||
|
MINGGU |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
FS LATIHAN
|
PERSIAPAN |
KOMPETISI |
TRANSISI |
|||||||||||||||||
|
TUJUAN |
TAHAP PERSIAPAN UMUM |
TAHAP PERSIAPAN KHUSUS |
PENYEMPURNAAN KEMAMPUAN BIOMOTOR |
Mempertahankan & Pemulihan aktif
(active recovery) |
||||||||||||||||
|
TUJUAN |
Membentuk: a).
Tes. b).
Fisik umum. c).
Biomotorik PS. d).
Teknik PS. e).
Psikhologis. |
Memaksimalkan Perbaikan pengetahuan teori dan
strategi khusus. vol lth (-) 50-75% ; intensitasnya
ditingkatkan sd beban teringgi pd 2-3 mngg jelang kptsi (stabilitas penampilan
puncak). |
Menyempurnakan Kondisi Penampilan Puncak (Peak Performance). 1) Tahap Pra-Kompetisi (event pertandingan
dan eksebisi tidak resmi); dan 2) Tahap Kompetisi (pertandingan/kompetisi
resmi), |
Mempertahankan pemulihan aktif (active recovery), untuk menjaga stabilitas
kondisi fisik dan psikologisnya agar tidak menurun dengan tidak wajar. |
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